1/ Với số dương ta luôn có \(\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}\ge2\) (Cauchy hoặc quy đồng chuyển vế sẽ chứng minh được dễ dàng). Ta cần chứng minh:

\(\frac{x^2}{y^2}+\frac{y^2}{x^2}+2.\frac{x}{y}.\frac{y}{x}+2\ge3\left(\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}\right)\Leftrightarrow\left(\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}\right)^2+2\ge3\left(\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}\right)\) (1)

Đặt \(\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}=a\ge2\) thì (1) trở thành:

\(a^2+2\ge3a\Leftrightarrow a^2-3a+2\ge0\Leftrightarrow\left(a-1\right)\left(a-2\right)\ge0\) (2)

Do \(a\ge2\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a-1>0\\a-2\ge0\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow\left(a-1\right)\left(a-2\right)\ge0\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(2\right)\) đúng, vậy BĐT được chứng minh. Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=y\)

2/ \(B=\left(x^2-2x\right)\left(y^2+6y\right)+12\left(x^2-2x\right)+3\left(y^2+6y\right)+2045\)

\(B=\left(x^2-2x\right)\left(y^2+6y+12\right)+3\left(y^2-6y+12\right)-36+2045\)

\(B=\left(x^2-2x+3\right)\left(y^2+6y+12\right)+2009\)

\(B=\left[\left(x-1\right)^2+2\right]\left[\left(y+3\right)^2+3\right]+2009\)

Do \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(x-1\right)^2+2\ge2\\\left(y+3\right)^2+3\ge3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow B\ge2.3+2009=2015\)

\(\Rightarrow B_{min}=2015\) khi \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=-3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(Q=\frac{x^3}{4\left(y+2\right)}+\frac{y^3}{4\left(x+2\right)}=\frac{x^3\left(x+2\right)}{4\left(x+2\right)\left(y+2\right)}+\frac{y^3\left(y+2\right)}{4\left(x+2\right)\left(y+2\right)}\)

\(=\frac{x^4+y^4+2x^3+2y^3}{4\left(x+2\right)\left(y+2\right)}=\frac{x^4+y^4+2\left(x+y\right)\left(x^2-xy+y^2\right)}{4\left(xy+2x+2y+4\right)}\)

\(=\frac{x^4+y^4+2\left(x+y\right)\left(x^2-xy+y^2\right)}{4\left(2x+2y+8\right)}=\frac{x^4+y^4+2\left(x+y\right)\left(x^2-xy+y^2\right)}{8\left(x+y+4\right)}\)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức AM-GM ta có :

\(x^4+y^4\ge2\sqrt{x^4y^4}=2x^2y^2\)

\(x^2+y^2\ge2\sqrt{x^2y^2}=2xy\)

\(Q=\frac{x^4+y^4+2\left(x+y\right)\left(x^2-xy+y^2\right)}{8\left(x+y+4\right)}\ge\frac{2x^2y^2+2xy\left(x+y\right)}{8\left(x+y+4\right)}=\frac{2xy\left(xy+x+y\right)}{8\left(x+y+4\right)}=\frac{8\left(x+y+4\right)}{8\left(x+y+4\right)}=1\)

Đẳng thức xảy ra <=> \(\hept{\begin{cases}x,y>0\\x=y\\xy=4\end{cases}}\Rightarrow x=y=2\)

Vậy GTNN của Q là 1 <=> x = y = 2

Or

\(Q-1=\frac{\left(x^2-y^2\right)^2+2\left(x+y\right)\left(x^2+y^2-8\right)}{4\left(x+2\right)\left(y+2\right)}\ge0\)*đúng do \(x^2+y^2\ge2xy=8\)*

Do đó \(Q\ge1\)

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi x = y = 2

Đặt  Q = \(\frac{x^3}{4\left(y+2\right)}+\frac{y^3}{4\left(x+2\right)}\)     = \(\frac{x^3\left(x+2\right)}{4\left(x+2\right)\left(y+2\right)}+\frac{y^3\left(y+2\right)}{4\left(x+2\right)\left(y+2\right)}\)

        Q = \(\frac{x^4+y^4+2x^3+2y^3}{4\left(x+2\right)\left(y+2\right)}\)       = \(\frac{x^4+y^4+2\left(x+y\right)\left(x^2-xy+y^2\right)}{4\left(xy+2x+2y+4\right)}\)

        Q = \(\frac{x^4+y^4+2\left(x+y\right)\left(x^2-xy+y^2\right)}{4\left(2x+2y+8\right)}\)       =   \(\frac{x^4+y^4+2\left(x+y\right)\left(x^2-xy+y^2\right)}{8\left(x+y+4\right)}\)

   Áp dụng bất đẳng thức  AM-GM ta có:

  \(x^4+y^4\ge2\sqrt{x^4y^4}=2x^2y^2\)

  \(x^2+y^2\ge2\sqrt{x^2y^2=}2xy\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\)Q =  \(\frac{x^4+y^4+2\left(x+y\right)\left(x^2-xy+y^2\right)}{8\left(x+y+4\right)}\ge\frac{2x^2y^2+2xy\left(x+y\right)}{8\left(x+y+4\right)}=\frac{2xy\left(xy+x+y\right)}{8\left(x+y+4\right)}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\)Q =  \(\frac{8\left(x+y+4\right)}{8\left(x+y+4\right)}\)= \(1\)

Đẳng thức xảy ra : \(\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x,y>0\\x=y\Rightarrow\\xy=4\end{cases}x=y=2}\)

Vậy giá trị nhỏ nhất của Q là 1 \(\Leftrightarrow x=y=2\)

CMR: \(\left(2+\sqrt{3}\right)^{2021}+\left(2-\sqrt{3}\right)^{2021}⋮4\)

đặt \(a=2+\sqrt{3}\); \(b=2-\sqrt{3}\)

 suy ra: \(a+b=2+\sqrt{3}+2-\sqrt{3}=4\)

và : \(ab=\left(2+\sqrt{3}\right)\left(2-\sqrt{3}\right)=1\)

Ta có: \(a^{2021}+b^{2021}=\left(a+b\right)\left(a^{2020}-a^{2019}b+a^{2018}b^2-...+a^{1010}b^{1010}-...-ab^{2019}+b^{2020}\right)\)

\(=\left(a+b\right)\left(a^{2020}-a^{2018}ab+a^{2016}a^2b^2-...+a^{1010}b^{1010}-...-abb^{2018}+b^{2020}\right)\)

Vì \(a+b=4\);\(ab=1\)nên:

\(a^{2021}+b^{2021}=4\left(a^{2020}-a^{2018}+a^{2016}-...+1-...-b^{2018}+b^{2020}\right)\)

\(=4\left(a^{2020}+b^{2020}-\left(a^{2018}+b^{2018}\right)+a^{2016}+b^{2016}-...+1\right)\)

\(=4\left(\left(a+b\right)^{2020}-2\left(ab\right)^{1010}-\left(a+b\right)^{2018}+2\left(ab\right)^{1009}+\left(a+b\right)^{2016}-2\left(ab\right)^{1008}-...+1\right)\)\(=4\left(4^{2020}-2-4^{2018}+2+4^{2016}-2-...+1\right)\)

\(=4S\)(Với \(S\inℕ^∗\))

suy ra \(a^{2021}+b^{2021}=4S⋮4\)

Vậy \(\left(2+\sqrt{3}\right)^{2021}+\left(2-\sqrt{3}\right)^{2021}⋮4\left(đpcm\right)\)

Ta có:\(\frac{\left(x-y\right)^2}{xy}\ge0\forall x,y\)

      \(\Leftrightarrow\frac{x^2+y^2-2xy}{xy}\ge0\)

       \(\Leftrightarrow\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}-2\ge0\)

       \(\Leftrightarrow\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}\ge2\left(1\right)\)

Áp dụng BĐT Cô-si vào các số dương \(\frac{x^2}{y^2},\frac{y^2}{x^2}\)ta có:

\(\frac{x^2}{y^2}+\frac{y^2}{x^2}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{x^2}{y^2}.\frac{y^2}{x^2}}=2\left(2\right)\)

Áp dụng BĐT \(\left(1\right),\left(2\right)\)ta được:

\(A=3\left(\frac{x^2}{y^2}+\frac{y^2}{x^2}\right)-8\left(\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}\right)\ge3.2-8.2=-10\)

Dấu '=' xảy ra khi \(x=y\)

Vậy \(A_{min}=-10\)khi \(x=y\)

^^